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Title: Fragments Of Ancient Poetry

Author: James MacPherson

Commentator: John J. Dunn


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FRAGMENTS OF ANCIENT POETRY

By James Macpherson


The Augustan Reprint Society


Introduction By John J. Dunn



GENERAL EDITORS

George Robert Guffey, University of California, Los Angeles

Earl Miner, University of California, Los Angeles

Maximillian E. Novak, University of California, Los Angeles

Robert Vosper,  William Andrews Clark Memorial Library



ADVISORY EDITORS

Richard C. Boys, University of Michigan

James L. Clifford, Columbia University

Ralph Cohen, University of California, Los Angeles

Vinton A. Dearing, University of California, Los Angeles

Arthur Friedman, University of Chicago

Louis A. Landa, Princeton University

Samuel H. Monk, University of Minnesota

Everett T. Moore, University of California, Los Angeles

Lawrence Clark Powell, William Andrews Clark Memorial Library

James Sutherland, University College, London

H. T. Swedenberg, Jr., University of California, Los Angeles



CORRESPONDING SECRETARY

Edna C. Davis, William Andrews Clark Memorial Library




INTRODUCTION

Byron was actually the third Scotsman in about fifty years who
awoke and found himself famous; the sudden rise from obscurity to
international fame had been experienced earlier by two fellow
countrymen, Sir Walter Scott and James Macpherson. Considering the
greatness of the reputation of the two younger writers, it may seem
strange to link their names with Macpherson's, but in the early
nineteenth century it would not have seemed so odd. In fact, as
young men both Scott and Byron would have probably have been
flattered by such an association. Scott tells us that in his youth
he "devoured rather than perused" Ossian and that he could repeat
whole duans "without remorse"; and, as I shall discuss later,
Byron paid Macpherson the high compliment of writing an imitation
of Ossian, which he published in _Hours of Idleness_.

The publication of the modest and anonymous pamphlet, _Fragments
of Ancient Poetry_ marks the beginning of Macpherson's rise to
fame, and concomitantly the start of a controversy that is unique
in literary history. For the half-century that followed, the body
of poetry that was eventually collected as _The Poems of Ossian_
provoked the comment of nearly every important man of letters.
Extravagance and partisanship were characteristic of most of the
remarks, but few literary men were indifferent.

The intensity and duration of the controversy are indicative
of how seriously Macpherson's work was taken, for it was to many
readers of the day daring, original, and passionate. Even Malcolm
Laing, whose ardor in exposing Macpherson's imposture exceeded
that of Dr. Johnson, responded to the literary quality of the poems.
In a note on the fourth and fifth "Fragments" the arch prosecutor
of Macpherson commented,

"From a singular coincidence of circumstances, it was in
this house, where I now write, that I first read the poems
in my early youth, with an ardent credulity that remained
unshaken for many years of my life; and with a pleasure
to which even the triumphant satisfaction of detecting the
imposture is comparatively nothing. The enthusiasm with
which I read and studied the poems, enabled me afterwards,
when my suspicions were once awakened, to trace and expose
the deception with greater success. Yet, notwithstanding
the severity of minute criticism, I can still peruse them
as a wild and wonderful assemblage of imitation with which
the fancy is often pleased and gratified, even when the
judgment condemns them most."[2]



II

It was John Home, famous on both sides of the Tweed as the
author of _Douglas_, who first encouraged Macpherson to undertake
his translations. While taking the waters at Moffat in the fall of
1759, he was pleased to meet a young Highland tutor, who was not
only familiar with ancient Gaelic poetry but who had in his possession
several such poems. Home, like nearly all of the Edinburgh
literati, knew no Gaelic and asked Macpherson to translate
one of them. The younger man at first protested that a translation
"would give a very imperfect idea of the original," but Home "with
some difficulty" persuaded him to try. In a "day or two" Macpherson
brought him the poem that was to become "Fragment VII" in
this collection; Home was so much pleased with it that he requested
additional translations.[3]

"Jupiter" Carlyle, whose autobiography reflects the keen interest
that he took in literature, arrived at Moffat after Home had
seen the "translations."  Home, he found, "had been highly delighted
with them," and when Carlyle read them he "was perfectly
astonished at the poetical genius" that they displayed. They
agreed that "it was a precious discovery, and that as soon as possible
it should be published to the world."[4]

When Home left Moffat he took his find to Edinburgh and showed
the translations to the men who earned the city Smollett's sobriquet,
a "hotbed of genius": Robertson, fresh from the considerable success
of his two volume _History of Scotland_ (1759); Robert Fergusson,
recently appointed professor of natural history at the University
of Edinburgh; Lord Elibank, a learned aristocrat, who had
been patron to Home and Robertson; and Hugh Blair, famous for the
sermons that he delivered as rector of the High Church of St. Giles.
Home was gratified that these men were "no less pleased" with
Macpherson's work than he had been. David Hume and David Dalrymple
(later Lord Hailes) were soon apprised of the discovery and
joined in the chorus of approbation that emanated from the Scottish
capitol.

Blair became the spokesman and the leader for the Edinburgh
literati, and for the next forty years he lavished his energy in praising
and defending Macpherson's work. The translations came to
him at the time that he was writing his lectures on _belles lettres_
and was thus in the process of formulating his theories on the origins
of poetry and the nature of the sublime. Blair lost no time in
communicating with Macpherson:

"I being as much struck as Mr Home with the high spirit of poetry
which breathed in them, presently made inquiry where Mr. Macpherson
was to be found; and having sent for him to come to me, had much
conversation with him on the subject."[5]

Macpherson told Blair that there were "greater and more considerable
poems of the same strain" still extant in the Highlands; Blair like
Home was eager for more, but Macpherson again declined to translate them.
He said that he felt himself inadequate to render "the spirit and force"
of the originals and that "they would be very ill relished by the public
as so very different from the strain of modern ideas, and of modern,
connected, and polished poetry." This whetted Blair's interest even more,
and after "repeated importunity" he persuaded Macpherson to translate
more fragments. The result was the present volume, which Blair saw to
the press and for which he wrote the Preface "in consequence of the
conversations" that he had with Macpherson.[6]

Most of Blair's Preface does seem to be based on information supplied
by Macpherson, for Blair had almost no first-hand knowledge about
Highland poetry or its traditions. It is apparent from the Preface then,
that Macpherson had not yet decided to ascribe the poems to a single
poet; Ossian is one of the principal poets in the collection but the
whole is merely ascribed "to the bards" (see pp. v-vi). It is also
evident from the Preface that Macpherson was shifting from the
reluctant "translator" of a few "fragments" to the projector of a
full-length epic "if enough encouragement were given for such an
undertaking."

Since Blair became famous for his _Critical Dissertation on the
Poems of Ossian_ (London, 1763), it may seem strange that in the
Preface to the _Fragments_ he declined to say anything of the "poetical
merit" of the collection. The frank adulation of the longer
essay, which concludes with the brave assertion that Ossian may
be placed "among those whose works are to last for ages,"[7]  was
partially a reflection of the enthusiasm that greeted each of
Macpherson's successive publications.



III

Part of the appeal of the _Fragments_ was obviously based on
the presumption that they were, as Blair hastened to assure the
reader, "genuine remains of ancient Scottish poetry," and therefore
provided a remarkable insight into a remote, primitive culture; here
were maidens and warriors who lived in antiquity on the harsh,
wind-swept wastes of the Highlands, but they were capable of
highly refined and sensitive expressions of grief--they were the
noblest savages of them all. For some readers the rumors of imposture
served to dampen their initial enthusiasm, and such was
the case with Hume, Walpole, and Boswell, but many of the admirers
of the poems found them rapturous, authentic or not.

After Gray had read several of the "Fragments" in manuscript
he wrote to Thomas Warton that he had "gone mad about them"; he
added,

  "I was so struck, so _extasie_ with their infinite beauty, that
  I writ into Scotland to make a thousand enquiries....
  The whole external evidence would make one believe
  these fragments (for so he calls them, tho' nothing can
  be more entire) counterfeit:  but the internal is so strong
  on the other side, that I am resolved to believe them genuine
  spite of the Devil & the Kirk."

Gray concluded his remarks with the assertion that "this Man is
the very Demon of Poetry, or he has lighted on a treasure hid for
ages."[8]

Nearly fifty years later Byron wrote a "humble imitation" of
Ossian for the admirers of Macpherson's work and presented it as
evidence of his "attachment to their favorite author," even though
he was aware of the imposture. In a note to "The Death of Calmar
and Orla," he commented,

"I fear Laing's late edition has completely overthrown every
hope that Macpherson's Ossian might prove the translation
of a series of poems complete in themselves; but while the
imposture is discovered, the merit of the work remains undisputed,
though not without faults--particularly, in some parts, turgid
and bombastic diction."[9]

In 1819 Hazlitt felt that Ossian is "a feeling and a name that
can never be destroyed in the minds of his readers," and he classed
the work as one of the four prototypes of poetry along with the Bible,
Homer, and Dante. On the question of authenticity he observed,

"If it were indeed possible to shew that this writer was nothing,
it would be another instance of mutability, another blank
made, another void left in the heart, another confirmation of
that feeling which makes him so often complain, 'Roll on, ye
dark brown years, ye bring no joy on your wing to Ossian!'"[10]

There is some justice in Macpherson's wry assertion that
"those who have doubted my veracity have paid a compliment to
my genius."[11] By examining briefly the distinctive form of the
"Fragments," their diction, their setting, their tone, and their
structure, we may sense something of the qualities of the poems
that made them attractive to such men as Gray, Byron, and Hazlitt.



IV

Perhaps Macpherson's most important innovation was to cast
his work into what his contemporaries called "measured prose,"
and it was recognized early that this new form contributed greatly
to their appeal. In discussing the _Fragments_, Ramsey of Ochtertyre
commented,

"Nothing could be more happy or judicious than his translating in
measured prose; for had he attempted it in verse, much of the spirit
of the original would have evaporated, supposing him to have had
talents and industry to perform that very arduous task upon a great
scale. This small publication drew the attention of the literary
world to a new species of poetry."[12]

For his new species of poetry Macpherson drew upon the stylistic
techniques of the King James Version of the Bible, just as Blake
and Whitman were to do later. As Bishop Lowth was the first to
point out, parallelism is the basic structural technique.
Macpherson incorporated two principal forms of parallelism in his poems:
_repetition_, a pattern in which the second line nearly restates the
sense of the first, and _completion_ in which the second line picks
up part of the sense of the first line and adds to it. These are
both common in the _Fragments_, but a few examples may be useful.
I have rearranged the following lines and in the other passages relating
to the structure of the poems in order to call attention to
the binary quality of Macpherson's verse:

_Repetition_

   Who can reach the source of thy race, O Connal?
   And who recount thy Fathers? ("Fragment V")


   Oscur my son came down;
   The mighty in battle descended. ("Fragment VI")


   Oscur stood forth to meet him;
   My son would meet the foe. ("Fragment VIII")


   Future times shall hear of thee;
   They shall hear of the fallen Morar. ("Fragment XII")


_Completion_

   What voice is that I hear?
   That voice like the summer wind. ("Fragment I")

     The warriours saw her, and loved;
     Their souls were fixed on the maid.
     Each loved her, as his fame;
     Each must possess her or die.
     But her soul was fixed on Oscur;
     My son was the youth of her love.      ("Fragment VII")

Macpherson also used grammatical parallelism as a structural device; a
series of simple sentences is often used to describe a landscape:

     Autumn is dark on the mountains;
     Grey mist rests on the hills.
     The whirlwind is heard on the heath.
     Dark rolls the river through the narrow plain.   ("Fragment V")

The poems also have a discernible rhythmical pattern; the
tendency of the lines to form pairs is obvious enough when there
is semantic or grammatical parallelism, but there is a general binary
pattern throughout. Typically, the first unit is a simple sentence,
the second almost any grammatical structure--an appositive,
a prepositional phrase, a participle, the second element of a compound
verb, a dependent clause. A simile--in grammatical terms,
an adverbial phrase--sometimes constitutes the second element.
These pairs are often balanced roughly by the presence of two,
three, or four accents in each constituent; there are a large number
of imbedded iambic and anapestic feet, which give the rhythm an
ascending quality:

  The da/ughter of R/inval was n/ear;

  Crim/ora, br/ight in the arm/our of m/an;

  Her ha/ir loose beh/ind,

  Her b/ow in her h/and.

  She f/ollowed the y/outh to w/ar,

  Co/nnal her m/uch bel/oved.

  She dr/ew the st/ring on D/argo;

  But e/rring pi/erced her C/onnal.      ("Fragment V")

As E. H. W. Meyerstein pointed out, "Macpherson can, without
extravagance, be regarded as the main originator (after the translators
of the Authorized Version) of what's known as 'free verse."[13]
Macpherson's work certainly served to stimulate prosodic experimentation
during the next half century; it is certainly no coincidence that two of
the boldest innovators, Blake and Coleridge, were admirers of
Macpherson's work.

Macpherson's diction must have also appealed to the growing
taste for poetry that was less ornate and studied. His practice
was to use a large number of concrete monosyllabic words of Anglo-Saxon
origin to describe objects and forces common to rural life.
A simple listing of the common nouns from the opening of "Fragment
I" will serve to illustrate this tendency: _love, son, hill,
deer, dogs, bow-string, wind, stream, rushes, mist, oak, friends_.
Such diction bears an obvious kinship to what was to become the
staple diction of the romantic lyric; for example, a similar listing
from "A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal" would be this: _slumber,
spirit, fears, thing, touch, years, motion, force, course, rocks,
stones, trees_.

The untamed power of Macpherson's wild natural settings is
also striking. Samuel H. Monk has made the point well:

"Ossian's strange exotic wildness and his obscure, terrible glimpses
of scenery were in essence something quite new.... Ossian's images were
far from "nature methodized." His imagination illumined fitfully a scene
of mountains and blasted heaths, as artificially wild as his heroines
were artificially sensitive; to modern readers they resemble too much
the stage-settings of melodrama. But in 1760, his descriptions carried
with them the thrill of the genuine and of naively archaic."

And Monk adds, "imperceptibly the Ossianic poems contributed
toward converting Britons, nay, Europeans, into enthusiastic admirers
of nature in her wilder moments."[14]

Ghosts are habitually present in the poems, and Macpherson
is able to present them convincingly because they are described
by a poet who treats them as though they were part of his and his
audience's habitual experience. The supernatural world is so
familiar, in fact, that it can be used to describe the natural; thus
Minvane in "Fragment VII" is called as fair "as the spirits of the
hill when at silent noon they glide along the heath." As Patricia
M. Spacks has observed, the supernatural seems to be a "genuine
part of the poetic texture"; and she adds that

"within this poetic context, the supernatural seems convincing
because believed in: it is part of the fabric of life for the
characters of the poem. Ghosts in the Ossianic poems, almost uniquely
in the mid-eighteenth century, seem genuinely to belong; to this
particular poetic conception the supernatural does not seem
extraneous."[15]

The _Fragments_ was also a cause and a reflection of the rising
appeal of the hero of sensibility, whose principal characteristic
was that he could feel more intensely than the mass of humanity.
The most common emotion that these acutely empathetic heroes
felt was grief, the emotion that permeates the _Fragments_ and the
rest of Macpherson's work. It was the exquisite sensibility of
Macpherson's heroes and heroines that the young Goethe was
struck by; Werther, an Ossianic hero in his own way, comments,

"You should see what a silly figure I cut when she
is mentioned in society! And then if I am even asked
how I like her--Like! I hate that word like death. What
sort of person must that be who likes Lotte, in whom all
senses, all emotions are not completely filled up by her!
Like! Recently someone asked me how I like Ossian!"[16]

That Macpherson chose to call his poems "fragments" is indicative
of another quality that made them unusual in their day.
The poems have a spontaneity that is suggested by the fact that
the poets seem to be creating their songs as the direct reflection
of an emotional experience. In contrast to the image of the poet
as the orderer, the craftsman, the poets of the _Fragments_ have a
kind of artlessness (to us a very studied one, to be sure) that gave
them an aura of sincerity and honesty. The poems are fragmentary
in the sense that they do not follow any orderly, rational plan but
seem to take the form that corresponds to the development of an
emotional experience. As Macpherson told Blair they are very
different from "modern, connected, and polished poetry."



V

The _Fragments_ proved an immediate success and Macpherson's
Edinburgh patrons moved swiftly to raise enough money to enable
the young Highlander to resign his position as tutor and to devote
himself to collecting and translating the Gaelic poetry still extant
in the Highlands. Blair recalled that he and Lord Elibank were instrumental
in convening a dinner meeting that was attended by "many of the first
persons of rank and taste in Edinburgh," including Robertson, Home, and
Fergusson.[17] Robert Chalmers acted as treasurer; among the forty odd
subscribers who contributed 60L, were James Boswell and David Hume.[18]
By the time of the second edition of the _Fragments_ (also in 1760),
Blair, or more likely Macpherson himself, could inform the public in the
"Advertisement" "that measures are now taken for making a full collection
of the remaining Scottish bards; in particular, for recovering and
translating the heroic poem mentioned in the preface."

Macpherson, a frugal man, included many of the "Fragments"
in his later work. Sometimes he introduced them into the notes as
being later than Ossian but in the same spirit; at other times he
introduced them as episodes in the longer narratives. With the exception
of Laing's edition, they are not set off, however, and anyone
who wishes to see what caused the initial Ossianic fervor
must consult the original volume.

When we have to remind ourselves that a work of art was revolutionary
in its day, we can be sure that we are dealing with something
closer to cultural artifact than to art, and it must be granted
that this is true of Macpherson's work; nevertheless, the fact that
Ossian aroused the interest of major men of letters for fifty years
is suggestive of his importance as an innovator. In a curious way,
Macpherson's achievement has been overshadowed by the fact that
many greater writers followed him and developed the artistic
direction that he was among the first to take.




NOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION


[Footnote 1: See Scott's letter to Anna Seward in J. G. Lockhart, _Memoirs of
    Sir Walter Scott_ (London, 1900), I, 410-15.]

[Footnote 2: _The Poems of Ossian_, ed. Malcolm Laing (Edinburgh, 1805), I, 441.]

[Footnote 3: See Home's letter to Mackenzie in the _Report of the Committee of the
    Highland Society of Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 1805), Appendix, pp. 68-69.]

[Footnote 4: Carlyle to Mackenzie, _ibid_., p. 66.]

[Footnote 5: Blair to Mackenzie, _ibid_., p. 57.]

[Footnote 6: _Ibid_., p. 58.]

[Footnote 7: Quoted from _The Poems of Ossian_ (London, 1807), I, 222.   After its
    initial separate publication, Blair's dissertation was regularly
    included with the collected poems.]

[Footnote 8: _Correspondence of Thomas Gray_, ed. Paget Toynbee and Leonard
    Whibley (Oxford, 1935), II, 679-80.]

[Footnote 9: _The Works of Lord Byron, Poetry_, ed. Ernest Hartley Coleridge
    (London, 1898), I, 183.]

[Footnote 10: "On Poetry in General," _The Complete Works of William Hazlitt_, ed.
     P. P. Howe (London, 1930), V, 18.]

[Footnote 11: Quoted in Henry Grey Graham, _Scottish Men of Letters in the
     Eighteenth Century_ (London, 1908), p. 240.]

[Footnote 12: _Scotland and Scotsmen in the Eighteenth Century_, ed. Alexander
     Allardyce (Edinburgh, 1888), I, 547.]

[Footnote 13: "The Influence of Ossian," _English_, VII (1948), 96.]

[Footnote 14: _The Sublime_ (Ann Arbor, 1960), p. 126.]

[Footnote 15: _The Insistence of Horror_ (Cambridge, Mass., 1962), pp. 86-87.]

[Footnote 16: _The Sufferings of Young Werther_, trans. Bayard Morgan (New York,
     1957), p. 51.]

[Footnote 17: _Report_, Appendix, p. 58.]

[Footnote 18: See Robert M. Schmitz, _Hugh Blair_ (New York, 1948), p. 48.]





FRAGMENTS OF ANCIENT POETRY

Collected in the Highlands of Scotland,

and

Translated from the Galic or Erse Language



   "Vos quoque qui fortes animas, belloque peremtas
   Laudibus in longum vates dimittitis aevuin,
   Plurima securi fudistis carmina _Bardi_."




LUCAN




PREFACE

The public may depend on the following fragments as genuine remains of
ancient Scottish poetry. The date of their composition cannot be exactly
ascertained. Tradition, in the country where they were written, refers
them to an aera of the most remote antiquity: and this tradition is
supported by the spirit and strain of the poems themselves; which abound
with those ideas, and paint those manners, that belong to the most early
state of society. The diction too, in the original, is very obsolete;
and differs widely from the style of such poems as have been written in
the same language two or three centuries ago. They were certainly
composed before the establishment of clanship in the northern part of
Scotland, which is itself very ancient; for had clans been then formed
and known, they must have made a considerable figure in the work of a
Highland Bard; whereas there is not the least mention of them in these
poems. It is remarkable that there are found in them no allusions to the
Christian religion or worship; indeed, few traces of religion of any kind.
One circumstance seems to prove them to be coeval with the very infancy
of Christianity in Scotland. In a fragment of the same poems, which the
translator has seen, a Culdee or Monk is represented as desirous to take
down in writing from the mouth of Oscian, who is the principal personage
in several of the following fragments, his warlike atchievements and
those of his family. But Oscian treats the monk and his religion with
disdain, telling him, that the deeds of such great men were subjects too
high to be recorded by him, or by any of his religion: A full proof that
Christianity was not as yet established in the country.

Though the poems now published appear as detached pieces in this
collection, there is ground to believe that most of them were originally
episodes of a greater work which related to the wars of Fingal.
Concerning this hero innumerable traditions remain, to this day, in the
Highlands of Scotland. The story of Oscian, his son, is so generally
known, that to describe one in whom the race of a great family ends, it
has passed into a proverb; "Oscian the last of the heroes."

There can be no doubt that these poems are to be ascribed to the Bards;
a race of men well known to have continued throughout many ages in
Ireland and the north of Scotland. Every chief or great man had in his
family a Bard or poet, whose office it was to record in verse, the
illustrious actions of that family. By the succession of these Bards, such
poems were handed down from race to race; some in manuscript, but more by
oral tradition. And tradition, in a country so free of intermixture with
foreigners, and among a people so strongly attached to the memory of their
ancestors, has preserved many of them in a great measure incorrupted to
this day.

They are not set to music, nor sung. The verification in the original is
simple; and to such as understand the language, very smooth and beautiful;
Rhyme is seldom used: but the cadence, and the length of the line varied,
so as to suit the sense. The translation is extremely literal. Even the
arrangement of the words in the original has been imitated; to which must
be imputed some inversions in the style, that otherwise would not have
been chosen.

Of the poetical merit of these fragments nothing shall here be said. Let
the public judge, and pronounce. It is believed, that, by a careful
inquiry, many more remains of ancient genius, no less valuable than those
now given to the world, might be found in the same country where these
have been collected. In particular there is reason to hope that one work
of considerable length, and which deserves to be styled an heroic poem,
might be recovered and translated, if encouragement were given to such an
undertaking. The subject is, an invasion of Ireland by Swarthan King of
Lochlyn; which is the name of Denmark in the Erse language. Cuchulaid,
the General or Chief of the Irish tribes, upon intelligence of the
invasion, assembles his forces. Councils are held; and battles fought.
But after several unsuccescful engagements, the Irish are forced to
submit. At length, Fingal King of Scotland, called in this poem, "The
Desert of the hills," arrives with his ships to assist Cuchulaid. He
expels the Danes from the country; and returns home victorious. This poem
is held to be of greater antiquity than any of the rest that are preserved.
And the author speaks of himself as present in the expedition of Fingal.
The three last poems in the collection are fragments which the translator
obtained of this epic poem; and though very imperfect, they were judged not
unworthy of being inserted. If the whole were recovered, it might serve to
throw confiderable light upon the Scottish and Irish antiquities.




FRAGMENT

   I

   SHILRIC, VINVELA.

   VINVELA

   My love is a son of the hill.
   He pursues the flying deer.
   His grey dogs are panting
   around him; his bow-string sounds in
   the wind. Whether by the fount of
   the rock, or by the stream of the
   mountain thou liest; when the rushes are
   nodding with the wind, and the mist
   is flying over thee, let me approach
   my love unperceived, and see him
   from the rock. Lovely I saw thee
   first by the aged oak; thou wert returning
   tall from the chace; the fairest
   among thy friends.

   SHILRIC.

   What voice is that I hear? that
   voice like the summer-wind.--I sit
   not by the nodding rushes; I hear not
   the fount of the rock. Afar, Vinvela,
   afar I go to the wars of Fingal. My
   dogs attend me no more. No more
   I tread the hill. No more from on
   high I see thee, fair-moving by the
   stream of the plain; bright as the
   bow of heaven; as the moon on the
   western wave.

   VINVELA.

   Then thou art gone, O Shilric!
   and I am alone on the hill. The
   deer are seen on the brow; void of
   fear they graze along. No more they
   dread the wind; no more the rustling
   tree. The hunter is far removed;
   he is in the field of graves. Strangers!
   sons of the waves! spare my
   lovely Shilric.

   SHILRIC.

   If fall I must in the field, raise high
   my grave, Vinvela. Grey stones, and
   heaped-up earth, shall murk me to future
   times. When the hunter shall sit by
   the mound, and produce his food at
   noon, "some warrior rests here," he
   will say; and my fame shall live in his
   praise. Remember me, Vinvela, when
   low on earth I lie!

   VINVELA.

   Yes!--I will remember thee--indeed
   my Shilric will fall. What shall I do,
   my love! when thou art gone for ever?
   Through these hills I will go at noon: O
   will go through the silent heath. There
   I will see where often thou sattest returning
   from the chace. Indeed, my Shilric
   will fall; but I will remember
   him.



   II

   I sit by the mossy fountain; on the
   top of the hill of winds. One tree is
   rustling above me. Dark waves roll
   over the heath. The lake is troubled
   below. The deer descend from the
   hill. No hunter at a distance is seen;
   no whistling cow-herd is nigh. It is
   mid-day: but all is silent. Sad are my
   thoughts as I sit alone. Didst thou
   but appear, O my love, a wanderer on
   the heath! thy hair floating on the
   wind behind thee; thy bosom heaving
   on the sight; thine eyes full of tears
   for thy friends, whom the mist of the
   hill had concealed! Thee I would comfort,
   my love, and bring thee to thy
   father's house.

   But is it she that there appears, like
   a beam of light on the heath? bright
   as the moon in autumn, as the sun in
   a summer-storm?--She speaks: but
   how weak her voice! like the breeze
   in the reeds of the pool. Hark!

   Returnest thou safe from the war?
   "Where are thy friends, my love? I
   heard of thy death on the hill; I heard
   and mourned thee, Shilric!"

   Yes, my fair, I return; but I alone
   of my race. Thou shalt see them no
   more: their graves I raised on the plain.
   But why art thou on the desert hill?
   why on the heath, alone?

   Alone I am, O Shilric! alone in the
   winter-house. With grief for thee I
   expired. Shilric, I am pale in the tomb.

   She fleets, she sails away; as grey
   mist before the wind!--and, wilt thou
   not stay, my love? Stay and behold
   my tears? fair thou appearest, my love!
   fair thou wast, when alive!

   By the mossy fountain I will sit; on
   the top of the hill of winds. When
   mid-day is silent around, converse, O
   my love, with me! come on the wings
   of the gale! on the blast of the mountain,
   come! Let me hear thy voice, as
   thou passest, when mid-day is silent around.



   III

   Evening is grey on the hills. The
   north wind resounds through the
   woods. White clouds rise on the sky: the
   trembling snow descends. The river howls
   afar, along its winding course. Sad,
   by a hollow rock, the grey-hair'd Carryl
   sat. Dry fern waves over his head; his
   seat is in an aged birch. Clear to the
   roaring winds he lifts his voice of woe.

   Tossed on the wavy ocean is He,
   the hope of the isles; Malcolm, the
   support of the poor; foe to the proud
   in arms! Why hast thou left us behind?
   why live we to mourn thy fate? We
   might have heard, with thee, the voice
   of the deep; have seen the oozy rock.

   Sad on the sea-beat shore thy spouse
   looketh for thy return. The time of
   thy promise is come; the night is gathering
   around. But no white sail is
   on the sea; no voice is heard except
   the blustering winds. Low is the soul
   of the war! Wet are the locks of youth!
   By the foot of some rock thou liest;
   washed by the waves as they come.
   Why, ye winds, did ye bear him on
   the desert rock? Why, ye waves, did
   ye roll over him?

   But, Oh! what voice is that?
   Who rides on that meteor of fire! Green
   are his airy limbs. It is he! it is the
   ghost of Malcolm!--Rest, lovely soul,
   rest on the rock; and let me hear thy
   voice!--He is gone, like a dream of
   the night. I see him through the trees.
   Daughter of Reynold! he is gone.
   Thy spouse shall return no more. No
   more shall his hounds come from the
   hill, forerunners of their master. No
   more from the distant rock shall his
   voice greet thine ear. Silent is he in
   the deep, unhappy daughter of Reynold!

   I will sit by the stream of the plain.
   Ye rocks! hang over my head. Hear
   my voice, ye trees! as ye bend on the
   shaggy hill. My voice shall preserve
   the praise of him, the hope of the
   isles.



   IV

   CONNAL,  CRIMORA,

   CRIMORA.

   Who cometh from the hill, like
   a cloud tinged with the beam
   of the west? Whose voice is that, loud
   as the wind, but pleasant as the harp of
   Carryl? It is my love in the light of
   steel; but sad is his darkened brow.
   Live the mighty race of Fingal? or
   what disturbs my Connal?

   CONNAL.

   They live. I saw them return from
   the chace, like a stream of light. The
   sun was on their shields: In a line they
   descended the hill. Loud is the voice of
   the youth; the war, my love, is near.
   To-morrow the enormous Dargo comes
   to try the force of our race. The race of
   Fingal he defies; the race of battle and
   wounds.

   CRIMORA.
   Connal, I saw his sails like grey mist
   on the sable wave. They came to land.
   Connnal, many are the warriors of
   Dargo!

   CONNAL.

   Bring me thy father's shield; the iron
   shield of Rinval; that shield like the
   full moon when it is darkened in the
   sky.

   CRIMORA.

   That shield I bring, O Connal; but
   it did not defend my father. By the
   spear of Gauror he fell. Thou mayst
   fall, O Connal!

   CONNAL.

   Fall indeed I may: But raise my
   tomb, Crimora. Some stones, a mound
   of earth, shall keep my memory.
   Though fair thou art, my love, as the
   light; more pleasant than the gale of
   the hill; yet I will not stay. Raise my
   tomb, Crimora.

   CRIMORA,

   Then give me those arms of light;
   that sword, and that spear of steel. I
   shall meet Dargo with thee, and aid my
   lovely Connal. Farewell, ye rocks of
   Ardven! ye deer! and ye streams of
   the hill!--We shall return no more.
   Our tombs are distant far.



   V

   Autumn is dark on the mountains;
   grey mist rests on the hills. The
   whirlwind is heard on the heath. Dark
   rolls the river through the narrow plain.
   A tree stands alone on the hill, and
   marks the grave of Connal. The leaves
   whirl round with the wind, and strew
   the grave of the dead. At times are
   seen here the ghosts of the deceased,
   when the musing hunter alone stalks
   slowly over the heath.

   Who can reach the source of thy
   race, O Connal? and who recount thy
   Fathers? Thy family grew like an oak
   on the mountain, which meeteth the
   wind with its lofty head. But now it
   is torn from the earth. Who shall supply
   the place of Connal?

   Here was the din of arms; and
   here the groans of the dying. Mournful
   are the wars of Fingal! O Connal!
   it was here thou didst fall. Thine arm
   was like a storm; thy sword, a beam
   of the sky; thy height, a rock on the
   plain; thine eyes, a furnace of fire.
   Louder than a storm was thy voice,
   when thou confoundedst the field. Warriors
   fell by thy sword, as the thistle by
   the staff of a boy.

   Dargo the mighty came on, like a
   cloud of thunder. His brows were contracted
   and dark. His eyes like two
   caves in a rock. Bright rose their
   swords on each side; dire was the clang
   of their steel.

   The daughter of Rinval was near;
   Crimora, bright in the armour of man;
   her hair loose behind, her bow in her
   hand. She followed the youth to the
   war, Connal her much beloved. She
   drew the string on Dargo; but erring
   pierced her Connal. He falls like an
   oak on the plain; like a rock from the
   shaggy hill. What shall she do, hapless
   maid!--He bleeds; her Connal dies.
   All the night long she cries, and all the
   day, O Connal, my love, and my
   friend! With grief the sad mourner
   died.

   Earth here incloseth the loveliest
   pair on the hill. The grass grows between
   the stones of their tomb; I sit in
   the mournful shade. The wind sighs
   through the grass; and their memory
   rushes on my mind. Undisturbed you
   now sleep together; in the tomb of the
   mountain you rest alone.



   VI

   Son of the noble Fingal, Oscian,
   Prince of men! what tears run down
   the cheeks of age? what shades thy
   mighty soul?

   Memory, son of Alpin, memory
   wounds the aged. Of former times are
   my thoughts; my thoughts are of the
   noble Fingal. The race of the king return
   into my mind, and wound me with
   remembrance.

   One day, returned from the sport of
   the mountains, from pursuing the sons
   of the hill, we covered this heath with
   our youth. Fingal the mighty was here,
   and Oscur, my son, great in war. Fair
   on our sight from the sea, at once, a
   virgin came. Her breast was like the
   snow of one night. Her cheek like the
   bud of the rose. Mild was her blue
   rolling eye: but sorrow was big in her
   heart.

   Fingal renowned in war! she cries,
   sons of the king, preserve me! Speak secure,
   replies the king, daughter of beauty,
   speak: our ear is open to all: our
   swords redress the injured. I fly from
   Ullin, she cries, from Ullin famous in
   war. I fly from the embrace of him
   who would debase my blood. Cremor,
   the friend of men, was my father; Cremor
   the Prince of Inverne.

   Fingal's younger sons arose; Carryl
   expert in the bow; Fillan beloved of
   the fair; and Fergus first in the race.
   --Who from the farthest Lochlyn?
   who to the seas of Molochasquir? who
   dares hurt the maid whom the sons of
   Fingal guard? Daughter of beauty, rest
   secure; rest in peace, thou fairest of women.

   Far in the blue distance of the deep,
   some spot appeared like the back of the
   ridge-wave. But soon the ship increased
   on our sight. The hand of Ullin drew
   her to land. The mountains trembled
   as he moved. The hills shook at his
   steps. Dire rattled his armour around
   him. Death and destruction were in his
   eyes. His stature like the roe of Morven.
   He moved in the lightning of
   steel.

   Our warriors fell before him,
   like the field before the reapers. Fingal's
   three sons he bound. He plunged
   his sword into the fair-one's breast.
   She fell as a wreath of snow before the
   sun in spring. Her bosom heaved in
   death; her soul came forth in blood.
   Oscur my son came down; the
   mighty in battle descended. His armour
   rattled as thunder; and the lightning of
   his eyes was terrible. There, was the
   clashing of swords; there, was the voice
   of steel. They struck and they thrust;
   they digged for death with their swords.
   But death was distant far, and delayed
   to come. The sun began to decline;
   and the cow-herd thought of home.
   Then Oscur's keen steel found the heart
   of Ullin. He fell like a mountain-oak
   covered over with glittering frost: He
   shone like a rock on the plain.--Here
   the daughter of beauty lieth; and
   here the bravest of men. Here one
   day ended the fair and the valiant.
   Here rest the pursuer and the pursued.

   Son of Alpin! the woes of the aged
   are many: their tears are for the past.
   This raised my sorrow, warriour; memory
   awaked my grief. Oscur my
   son was brave; but Oscur is now no
   more. Thou hast heard my grief, O
   son of Alpin; forgive the tears of the
   aged.



   VII

   Why openest thou afresh the spring of
   my grief, O son of Alpin, inquiring
   how Oscur fell? My eyes are blind with
   tears; but memory beams on my heart.
   How can I relate the mournful death of
   the head of the people! Prince of the
   warriours, Oscur my son, shall I see thee
   no more!

   He fell as the moon in a storm; as
   the sun from the midst of his course,
   when clouds rise from the waste of the
   waves, when the blackness of the storm
   inwraps the rocks of Ardannider. I, like
   an ancient oak on Morven, I moulder
   alone in my place. The blast hath lopped
   my branches away; and I tremble
   at the wings of the north. Prince of
   the warriors, Oscur my son! shall I see
   thee no more!

   DERMID

   DERMID and Oscur were one: They
   reaped the battle together. Their
   friendship was strong as their steel; and
   death walked between them to the field.
   They came on the foe like two rocks
   falling from the brows of Ardven. Their
   swords were stained with the blood of
   the valiant: warriours fainted at their
   names. Who was a match for Oscur,
   but Dermid? and who for Dermid, but
   Oscur?

   THEY killed mighty Dargo in the
   field; Dargo before invincible. His
   daughter was fair as the morn; mild
   as the beam of night. Her eyes, like
   two stars in a shower: her breath, the
   gale of spring: her breasts, as the
   new fallen snow floating on the moving heath.
   The warriours saw her, and loved; their
   souls were fixed on the maid. Each
   loved her, as his fame; each must
   possess her or die. But her soul was fixed
   on Oscur; my son was the youth of
   her love. She forgot the blood of her
   father; and loved the hand that slew
   him.

   Son of Oscian, said Dermid, I love;
   O Oscur, I love this maid. But her
   soul cleaveth unto thee; and nothing
   can heal Dermid. Here, pierce this
   bosom, Oscur; relieve me, my friend,
   with thy sword.

   My sword, son of Morny, shall never
   be stained with the blood of Dermid.

   Who then is worthy to slay me, O
   Oscur son of Oscian? Let not my life
   pass away unknown. Let none but Oscur
   slay me. Send me with honour to
   the grave, and let my death be renowned.
   Dermid, make use of thy sword;
   son of Moray, wield thy steel. Would
   that I fell with thee! that my death
   came from the hand of Dermid!

   They fought by the brook of the
   mountain; by the streams of Branno.
   Blood tinged the silvery stream, and
   crudled round the mossy stones. Dermid
   the graceful fell; fell, and smiled in
   death.

   And fallest thou, son of Morny;
   fallest, thou by Oscur's hand! Dermid
   invincible in war, thus do I see thee fall!
   --He went, and returned to the maid
   whom he loved; returned, but she perceived
   his grief.

   Why that gloom, son of Oscian?
   what shades thy mighty soul?

   Though once renowned for the bow,
   O maid, I have lost my fame. Fixed on
   a tree by the brook of the hill, is the
   shield of Gormur the brave, whom in
   battle I slew. I have wasted the day
   in vain, nor could my arrow pierce it.

   Let me try, son Oscian, the skill
   of Dargo's daughter. My hands were
   taught the bow: my father delighted in
   my skill.

   She went. He stood behind the
   shield. Her arrow flew and pierced his
   breast[A].

   [Footnote A: Nothing was held by the ancient Highlanders more essential
   to their glory, than to die by the hand of some person worthy or renowned.
   This was the occasion of Oscur's contriving to be slain by his mistress,
   now that he was weary of life. In those early times suicide was utterly
   unknown among that people, and no traces of it are found in the old
   poetry. Whence the translator suspects the account that follows of the
   daughter of Dargo killing herself, to be the interpolation of some later
   Bard.]

   Blessed be that hand of snow; and
   blessed thy bow of yew! I fall resolved
   on death: and who but the daughter of
   Dargo was worthy to slay me? Lay me
   in the earth, my fair-one; lay me by
   the side of Dermid.

   Oscur! I have the blood, the soul
   of the mighty Dargo. Well pleased I
   can meet death. My sorrow I can end
   thus.--She pierced her white bosom
   with steel. She fell; she trembled; and
   died.

   By the brook of the hill their graves
   are laid; a birch's unequal shade covers
   their tomb. Often on their green earthen
   tombs the branchy sons of the mountain
   feed, when mid-day is all in flames,
   and silence is over all the hills.



   VIII

   By the side of a rock on the hill, beneath
   the aged trees, old Oscian
   sat on the moss; the last of the race of
   Fingal. Sightless are his aged eyes;
   his beard is waving in the wind. Dull
   through the leafless trees he heard the
   voice of the north. Sorrow revived in
   his soul: he began and lamented the
   dead.

   How hast thou fallen like an oak,
   with all thy branches round thee! Where
   is Fingal the King? where is Oscur my
   son? where are all my race? Alas! in
   the earth they lie. I feel their tombs
   with my hands. I hear the river below
   murmuring hoarsely over the stones.
   What dost thou, O river, to me? Thou
   bringest back the memory of the past.

   The race of Fingal stood on thy
   banks, like a wood in a fertile soil.
   Keen were their spears of steel. Hardy
   was he who dared to encounter their
   rage. Fillan the great was there. Thou
   Oscur wert there, my son! Fingal himself
   was there, strong in the grey locks
   of years. Full rose his sinewy limbs;
   and wide his shoulders spread. The
   unhappy met with his arm, when the
   pride of his wrath arose.

   The son of Morny came; Gaul, the
   tallest of men. He stood on the hill like
   an oak; his voice was like the streams of
   the hill. Why reigneth alone, he cries,
   the son of the mighty Corval? Fingal is
   not strong to save: he is no support for
   the people. I am strong as a storm in
   the ocean; as a whirlwind on the hill.
   Yield, son of Corval; Fingal, yield to
   me.

   Oscur stood forth to meet him;
   my son would meet the foe. But Fingal
   came in his strength, and smiled at
   the vaunter's boast. They threw their
   arms round each other; they struggled
   on the plain. The earth is ploughed with
   their heels. Their bones crack as the boat
   on the ocean, when it leaps from wave to
   wave. Long did they toil; with night,
   they fell on the sounding plain; as two
   oaks, with their branches mingled, fall
   crashing from the hill. The tall son
   of Morny is bound; the aged overcame.

   Fair with her locks of gold, her
   smooth neck, and her breasts of snow;
   fair, as the spirits of the hill when at
   silent noon they glide along the heath;
   fair, as the rainbow of heaven; came
   Minvane the maid. Fingal! She softly
   saith, loose me my brother Gaul.
   Loose me the hope of my race, the terror
   of all but Fingal. Can I, replies the
   King, can I deny the lovely daughter
   of the hill? take thy brother, O Minvane,
   thou fairer than the snow of the
   north!

   Such, Fingal! were thy words; but
   thy words I hear no more. Sightless
   I sit by thy tomb. I hear the wind in
   the wood; but no more I hear my
   friends. The cry of the hunter is over.
   The voice of war is ceased.



   IX

   Thou askest, fair daughter of the
   isles! whose memory is preserved
   in these tombs? The memory of Ronnan
   the bold, and Connan the chief of
   men; and of her, the fairest of maids,
   Rivine the lovely and the good. The
   wing of time is laden with care. Every
   moment hath woes of its own. Why
   seek we our grief from afar? or give our
   tears to those of other times? But thou
   commanded, and I obey, O fair daughter
   of the isles!

   Conar was mighty in war. Caul
   was the friend of strangers. His gates
   were open to all; midnight darkened
   not on his barred door. Both lived upon
   the sons of the mountains. Their bow
   was the support of the poor.

   Connan was the image of Conar's
   soul. Caul was renewed in Ronnan his
   son. Rivine the daughter of Conar was
   the love of Ronnan; her brother Connan
   was his friend. She was fair as the
   harvest-moon setting in the seas of
   Molochasquir. Her soul was settled on
   Ronnan; the youth was the dream of her
   nights.

   Rivine, my love! says Ronnan, I go
   to my king in Norway[A]. A year and
   a day shall bring me back. Wilt thou
   be true to Ronnan?

   [Footnote A: Supposed to be Fergus II. This fragment is reckoned not
   altogether so ancient as most of the rest.]

   Ronnan! a year and a day I will
   spend in sorrow. Ronnan, behave like
   a man, and my soul shall exult in thy
   valour. Connan my friend, says Ronnan,
   wilt thou preserve Rivine thy sister?
   Durstan is in love with the maid;
   and soon shall the sea bring the stranger
   to our coast.

   Ronnan, I will defend: Do thou
   securely go.--He went. He returned
   on his day. But Durstan returned
   before him.

   Give me thy daughter, Conar, says
   Durstan; or fear and feel my power.

   He who dares attempt my sister, says
   Connan, must meet this edge of steel.
   Unerring in battle is my arm: my
   sword, as the lightning of heaven.

   Ronnan the warriour came; and
   much he threatened Durstan.

   But, saith Euran the servant of
   gold, Ronnan! by the gate of the north
   shall Durstan this night carry thy fair-one
   away. Accursed, answers Ronnan, be this arm if death meet him not
   there.

   Connan! saith Euran, this night
   shall the stranger carry thy sister away.
   My sword shall meet him, replies Connan,
   and he shall lie low on earth.

   The friends met by night, and they
   fought. Blood and sweat ran down
   their limbs as water on the mossy rock.
   Connan falls; and cries, O Durstan,
   be favourable to Rivine!--And is it my
   friend, cries Ronnan, I have slain? O
   Connan! I knew thee not.

   He went, and he fought with Durstan.
   Day began to rise on the combat,
   when fainting they fell, and expired.
   Rivine came out with the morn;
   and--O what detains my Ronnan!
   --She saw him lying pale in his blood;
   and her brother lying pale by his side.

   What could she say: what could she
   do? her complaints were many and vain.
   She opened this grave for the warriours;
   and fell into it herself, before it
   was closed; like the sun snatched away
   in a storm.

   Thou hast heard this tale of grief,
   O fair daughter of the isles! Rivine was
   fair as thyself: shed on her grave a
   tear.



   X

   It is night; and I am alone, forlorn
   on the hill of storms. The wind is
   heard in the mountain. The torrent
   shrieks down the rock. No hut receives
   me from the rain; forlorn on the hill of
   winds.

   Rise, moon! from behind thy
   clouds; stars of the night, appear!
   Lead me, some light, to the place where
   my love rests from the toil of the chase!
   his bow near him, unstrung; his dogs
   panting around him. But here I must
   sit alone, by the rock of the mossy
   stream. The stream and the wind
   roar; nor can I hear the voice of my
   love.

   Why delayeth my Shalgar, why the
   son of the hill, his promise? Here is
   the rock; and the tree; and here the
   roaring stream. Thou promisedst with
   night to be here. Ah! whither is my
   Shalgar gone? With thee I would fly
   my father; with thee, my brother of
   pride. Our race have long been foes;
   but we are not foes, O Shalgar!

   Cease a little while, O wind! stream,
   be thou silent a while! let my voice be
   heard over the heath; let my wanderer
   hear me. Shalgar! it is I who call. Here
   is the tree, and the rock. Shalgar, my
   love! I am here. Why delayest thou
   thy coming? Alas! no answer.

   Lo! the moon appeareth. The
   flood is bright in the vale. The rocks
   are grey on the face of the hill. But
   I see him not on the brow; his dogs
   before him tell not that he is coming.
   Here I must sit alone.

   But who are these that lie beyond
   me on the heath? Are they my love
   and my brother?--Speak to me, O my
   friends! they answer not. My soul is
   tormented with fears.--Ah! they are
   dead. Their swords are red from the
   fight. O my brother! my brother!
   why hast thou slain my Shalgar? why,
   O Shalgar! hast thou slain my brother?
   Dear were ye both to me! speak to me;
   hear my voice, sons of my love! But
   alas! they are silent; silent for ever!
   Cold are their breast of clay!

   Oh! from the rock of the hill;
   from the top of the mountain of winds,
   speak ye ghosts of the dead! speak,
   and I will not be afraid.--Whither
   are ye gone to rest? In what cave of
   the hill shall I find you?

   I sit in my grief. I wait for morning
   in my tears. Rear the tomb, ye
   friends of the dead; but close it not
   till I come. My life flieth away like a
   dream: why should I stay behind?
   Here shall I rest with my friends by the
   stream of the founding rock. When
   night comes on the hill: when the wind
   is up on the heath; my ghost shall stand
   in the wind, and mourn the death of
   my friends. The hunter shall hear
   from his booth. He shall fear, but
   love my voice. For sweet shall my voice
   be for my friends; for pleasant were
   they both to me.



   XI

   Sad! I am sad indeed: nor small my
   cause of woe!--Kirmor, thou hast
   lost no son; thou hast lost no daughter
   of beauty. Connar the valiant lives;
   and Annir the fairest of maids. The
   boughs of thy family flourish, O Kirmor!
   but Armyn is the last of his
   race.

   Rise, winds of autumn, rise; blow
   upon the dark heath! streams of the
   mountains, roar! howl, ye tempests,
   in the trees! walk through broken
   clouds, O moon! show by intervals thy
   pale face! bring to my mind that sad
   night, when all my children fell; when
   Arindel the mighty fell; when Daura
   the lovely died.

   Daura, my daughter! thou wert
   fair; fair as the moon on the hills of
   Jura; white as the driven snow; sweet as
   the breathing gale. Armor renowned in
   war came, and fought Daura's love; he
   was not long denied; fair was the hope
   of their friends.

   Earch son of Odgal repined; for
   his brother was slain by Armor. He
   came disguised like a son of the sea:
   fair was his skiff on the wave; white
   his locks of age; calm his serious brow.
   Fairest of women, he said, lovely daughter
   of Armyn! a rock not distant in
   the sea, bears a tree on its side; red
   shines the fruit afar. There Armor
   waiteth for Daura. I came to fetch
   his love. Come, fair daughter of Armyn!

   She went; and she called on Armor.
   Nought answered, but the son of the
   rock. Armor, my love! my love!
   why tormentest thou me with fear?
   come, graceful son of Arduart, come;
   it is Daura who calleth thee!--Earch
   the traitor fled laughing to the land.
   She lifted up her voice, and cried for
   her brother and her father. Arindel!
   Armyn! none to relieve your Daura?

   Her voice came over the sea. Arindel
   my son descended from the hill;
   rough in the spoils of the chace. His
   arrows rattled by his side; his bow was
   in his hand; five grey dogs attended
   his steps. He saw fierce Earch on the
   shore; he seized and bound him to an
   oak. Thick fly the thongs of the hide
   around his limbs; he loads the wind
   with his groans.

   Arindel ascends the surgy deep in
   his boat, to bring Daura to the land.
   Armor came in his wrath, and let fly
   the grey-feathered shaft. It sung; it
   sunk in thy heart, O Arindel my son!
   for Earch the traitor thou diedst. What
   is thy grief, O Daura, when round
   thy feet is poured thy brother's blood!

   The boat is broken in twain by the
   waves. Armor plunges into the sea, to
   rescue his Daura or die. Sudden a blast
   from the hill comes over the waves.
   He sunk, and he rose no more.

   Alone, on the sea-beat rock, my
   daughter was heard to complain. Frequent
   and loud were her cries; nor
   could her father relieve her. All
   night I stood on the shore. All night I
   heard her cries. Loud was the wind;
   and the rain beat hard on the side of the
   mountain. Before morning appeared,
   her voice was weak. It died away, like
   the evening-breeze among the grass of
   the rocks. Spent with grief she expired.
   O lay me soon by her side.

   When the storms of the mountain
   come; when the north lifts the waves
   on high; I sit by the sounding shore,
   and look on the fatal rock. Often by
   the setting moon I see the ghosts of
   my children. Indistinct, they walk in
   mournful conference together. Will
   none of you speak to me?--But they
   do not regard their father.



   XII

   RYNO, ALPIN.

   RYNO

   The wind and the rain are over:
   calm is the noon of day. The
   clouds are divided in heaven. Over
   the green hills flies the inconstant sun.
   Red through the stony vale comes
   down the stream of the hill. Sweet are
   thy murmurs, O stream! but more
   sweet is the voice I hear. It is the voice
   of Alpin the son of the song, mourning
   for the dead. Bent is his head of age,
   and red his tearful eye. Alpin, thou
   son of the song, why alone on the silent
   hill? why complainest thou, as a
   blast in the wood; as a wave on the
   lonely shore?

   ALPIN.

   My tears, O Ryno! are for the dead;
   my voice, for the inhabitants of the
   grave. Tall thou art on the hill; fair
   among the sons of the plain. But thou
   shalt fall like Morar; and the mourner
   shalt sit on thy tomb. The hills shall
   know thee no more; thy bow shall lie in
   the hall, unstrung.

   Thou wert swift, O Morar! as a
   doe on the hill; terrible as a meteor of
   fire. Thy wrath was as the storm of
   December. Thy sword in battle, as
   lightning in the field. Thy voice was
   like a stream after rain; like thunder
   on distant hills. Many fell by thy
   arm; they were consumed in the flames
   of thy wrath.

   But when thou returnedst from war,
   how peaceful was thy brow! Thy face
   was like the sun after rain; like the
   moon in the silence of night; calm as
   the breast of the lake when the loud
   wind is laid.

   Narrow is thy dwelling now; dark
   the place of thine abode. With three
   steps I compass thy grave, O thou who
   wast so great before! Four stones with
   their heads of moss are the only memorial
   of thee. A tree with scarce a leaf,
   long grass which whistles in the wind,
   mark to the hunter's eye the grave of
   the mighty Morar. Morar! thou art
   low indeed. Thou hast no mother to
   mourn thee; no maid with her tears of
   love. Dead is she that brought thee
   forth. Fallen is the daughter of Morglan.

   Who on his staff is this? who is this,
   whose head is white with age, whose
   eyes are red with tears, who quakes
   at every step?--It is thy father, O
   Morar! the father of none but thee.
   He heard of thy fame in battle; he heard
   of foes dispersed. He heard of Morar's
   fame; why did he not hear of his
   wound? Weep, thou father of Morar!
   weep; but thy son heareth thee not.
   Deep is the sleep of the dead; low their
   pillow of dust. No more shall he hear
   thy voice; no more shall he awake at
   thy call.  When shall it be morn in the
   grave, to bid the slumberer awake?

   Farewell, thou bravest of men!
   thou conqueror in the field! but the field
   shall see thee no more; nor the dark
   wood be lightened with the splendor of
   thy steel. Thou hast left no son.
   But the song shall preserve thy name.
   Future times shall hear of thee; they
   shall hear of the fallen Morar.



   XIII

   [Footnote: This is the opening of the epic poem mentioned in the preface.
   The two following fragments are parts of some episodes of the same work.]

   Cuchlaid sat by the wall; by the
   tree of the rustling leaf.

   [Footnote: The aspen or poplar tree]

   His spear leaned against the mossy rock.
   His shield lay by him on the grass.
   Whilst he thought on the mighty Carbre
   whom he slew in battle, the scout of
   the ocean came, Moran the son of Fithil.

   Rise, Cuchulaid, rise! I see the ships
   of Garve. Many are the foe, Cuchulaid;
   many the sons of Lochlyn.

   Moran! thou ever tremblest; thy
   fears increase the foe. They are the
   ships of the Desert of hills arrived to assist
   Cuchulaid.

   I saw their chief, says Moran, tall as
   a rock of ice. His spear is like that fir;
   his shield like the rising moon. He sat
   upon a rock on the shore, as a grey
   cloud upon the hill. Many, mighty
   man! I said, many are our heroes;
   Garve, well art thou named,
   many are the sons of our king.

   [Footnote: Garve sigifies a man of great size.]

   He answered like a wave on the
   rock; who is like me here? The valiant
   live not with me; they go to the
   earth from my hand. The king of the
   Desert of hills alone can fight with
   Garve. Once we wrestled on the hill.
   Our heels overturned the wood. Rocks
   fell from their place, and rivulets changed
   their course. Three days we strove
   together; heroes stood at a distance,
   and feared. On the fourth, the King
   saith that I fell; but Garve saith, he
   stood. Let Cuchulaid yield to him that
   is strong as a storm.

   No. I will never yield to man.
   Cuchulaid will conquer or die. Go,
   Moran, take my spear; strike the shield
   of Caithbait which hangs before the
   gate. It never rings in peace. My heroes
   shall hear on the hill,--



   XIV

   DUCHOMMAR, MORNA.

   DUCHOMMAR.

   [Footnote: The signification of the names in this fragment are;
   Dubhchomar, a black well-shaped man. Muirne or Morna, a woman beloved
   by all. Cormac-cairbre, an unequalled and rough warriour. Cromleach,
   a crooked hill. Mugruch, a surly gloomy man. Tarman, thunder. Moinie,
   soft in temper and person.]

   Morna, thou fairest of women,
   daughter of Cormac-Carbre!
   why in the circle of stones, in the cave
   of the rock, alone? The stream murmureth
   hoarsely. The blast groaneth
   in the aged tree. The lake is troubled
   before thee. Dark are the clouds of
   the sky. But thou art like snow on
   the heath. Thy hair like a thin cloud
   of gold on the top of Cromleach. Thy
   breasts like two smooth rocks on the hill
   which is seen from the stream of Brannuin.
   Thy arms, as two white pillars
   in the hall of Fingal.

   MORNA.

   Whence the son of Mugruch, Duchommar
   the most gloomy of men? Dark
   are thy brows of terror. Red thy rolling
   eyes. Does Garve appear on the
   sea? What of the foe, Duchommar?

   DUCHOMMAR.

   From the hill I return, O Morna,
   from the hill of the flying deer. Three
   have I slain with my bow; three with
   my panting dogs. Daughter of Cormac-Carbre,
   I love thee as my soul. I
   have slain a deer for thee. High was
   his branchy head; and fleet his feet of
   wind.

   MORNA.

   Gloomy son of Mugruch, Duchommar!
   I love thee not: hard is thy heart
   of rock; dark thy terrible brow. But
   Cadmor the son of Tarman, thou art
   the love of Morna! thou art like a sunbeam
   on the hill, in the day of the
   gloomy storm. Sawest thou the son of
   Tarman, lovely on the hill of the chace?
   Here the daughter of Cormac-Carbre
   waiteth the coming of Cadmor.

   DUCHOMMAR.

   And long shall Morna wait. His
   blood is on my sword. I met him by
   the mossy stone, by the oak of the noisy
   stream. He fought; but I slew him;
   his blood is on my sword. High on
   the hill I will raise his tomb, daughter
   of Cormac-Carbre. But love thou the
   son of Mugruch; his arm is strong as a
   storm.

   MORNA.

   And is the son of Tarman fallen;
   the youth with the breast of snow! the
   first in the chase of the hill; the foe
   of the sons of the ocean!--Duchommar,
   thou art gloomy indeed; cruel is
   thy arm to me.--But give me that
   sword, son of Mugruch; I love the
   blood of Cadmor.

   [He gives her the sword, with which she instantly stabs him.]

   DUCHOMMAR.

   Daughter of Cormac-Carbre, thou
   hast pierced Duchommar! the sword is
   cold in my breast; thou hast killed the
   son of Mugruch. Give me to Moinic
   the maid; for much she loved Duchommar.
   My tomb she will raise on the
   hill; the hunter shall see it, and praise
   me.--But draw the sword from my
   side, Morna; I feel it cold.--

   [Upon her coming near him, he stabs her. As she fell, she plucked a stone
   from the side of the cave, and placed it betwixt them, that his blood
   might not be mingled with hers.]



   XV

   [1]Where is Gealchossa my love, the
   daughter of Tuathal-Teachvar?
   I left her in the hall of the plain, when I
   fought with the hairy Ulfadha. Return
   soon, she said, O Lamderg! for
   here I wait in sorrow. Her white breaft
   rose with sighs; her cheek was wet
   with tears. But she cometh not to meet
   Lamderg; or sooth his soul after battle.
   Silent is the hall of joy; I hear not
   the voice of the singer. Brann does
   not shake his chains at the gate, glad
   at the coming of his master. Where
   is Gealchossa my love, the daughter of
   Tuathal-Teachvar?

   [Footnote: The signification of the names in this fragment are;
   Gealchossack, white-legged. Tuathal-Teachtmhar, the surly, but fortunate
   man. Lambhdearg, bloodyhand. Ulfadba, long beard. Fichios, the conqueror
   of men.]

   Lamderg! says Firchios son of Aydon,
   Gealchossa may be on the hill;
   she and her chosen maids pursuing the
   flying deer.

   Firchios! no noise I hear. No
   sound in the wood of the hill. No
   deer fly in my sight; no panting dog
   pursueth. I see not Gealchossa my
   love; fair as the full moon setting on
   the hills of Cromleach. Go, Firchios!
   go to Allad, the grey-haired son of
   the rock. He liveth in the circle of
   stones; he may tell of Gealchossa.

   [Footnote: Allad is plainly a Druid consulted on this occasion.]

   Allad! saith Firchios, thou who
   dwellest in the rock; thou who tremblest
   alone; what saw thine eyes of
   age?

   I saw, answered Allad the old, Ullin the son of Carbre: He came like a
   cloud from the hill; he hummed a surly
   song as he came, like a storm in
   leafless wood. He entered the hall of
   the plain. Lamderg, he cried, most
   dreadful of men! fight, or yield to Ullin.
   Lamderg, replied Gealchoffa,
   Lamderg is not here: he fights the
   hairy Ulfadha; mighty man, he is not
   here. But Lamderg never yields; he
   will fight the son of Carbre. Lovely art
   thou, O daughter of Tuathal-Teachvar!
   said Ullin. I carry thee to the
   house of Carbre; the valiant shall have
   Gealchossa. Three days from the top
   of Cromleach will I call Lamderg to
   fight. The fourth, you belong to Ullin,
   if Lamderg die, or fly my sword.

   Allad! peace to thy dreams!--found
   the horn, Firchios!--Ullin may
   hear, and meet me on the top of Cromleach.

   Lamderg rushed on like a storm.
   On his spear he leaped over rivers. Few
   were his strides up the hill. The rocks
   fly back from his heels; loud crashing
   they bound to the plain. His armour,
   his buckler rung. He hummed a surly
   song, like the noise of the falling
   stream. Dark as a cloud he stood above;
   his arms, like meteors, shone.
   From the summit of the hill, he rolled
   a rock. Ullin heard in the hall of
   Carbre.--







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