Zyacc

A Parser-Generator

Edition 1.0, for Zyacc Version 1.

July 1997

Adapted from The Bison Manual

• Introduction
  • Acknowledgements
  • Zyacc Enhancements
• The Concepts of Zyacc
  • Languages and Context-Free Grammars
  • From Formal Rules to Zyacc Input
  • Semantic Values
  • Semantic Actions
  • Zyacc Output: the Parser File
  • Stages in Using Zyacc
  • The Overall Layout of a Zyacc Grammar
• Examples
  • Reverse Polish Notation Calculator
    • Declarations for rpcalc
    • Grammar Rules for rpcalc
      • Explanation of input
      • Explanation of line
      • Explanation of expr
    • The rpcalc Lexical Analyzer
    • The Controlling Function
    • The Error Reporting Routine
    • Running Zyacc to Make the Parser
    • Compiling the Parser File
  • Infix Notation Calculator: calc
  • Simple Error Recovery
  • Multi-Function Calculator: mfcalc
    • Declarations for mfcalc
    • Grammar Rules for mfcalc
    • The mfcalc Symbol Table
    • The mfcalc Scanner
    • The mfcalc String Space
    • Why a Separate String Space
  • The Multi Function Calculator Using a Sugared Syntax
  • A Multi Function Calculator Which Evaluates Polynomials
  • A Calculator Which Omits Some Parentheses
  • Exercises
• Zyacc Grammar Files
  • Outline of a Zyacc Grammar
    • The C Declarations Section
    • The Zyacc Declarations Section
    • The Grammar Rules Section
    • The Additional C Code Section
  • Symbols, Terminal and Nonterminal
  • Syntax of Grammar Rules
  • Recursive Rules
  • Defining Language Semantics
    • Data Types of Semantic Values
    • More Than One Value Type
    • Actions
    • Data Types of Values in Actions
    • Actions in Mid-Rule
    • Named Attributes
      • Named Terminal Attributes
      • Named Nonterminal Attributes
    • Inherited Attributes
      • Inherited Attributes Notation
      • Attribute Flow Restrictions
      • Attribute Conflicts
    • Semantic Tests
      • A Prototypical Example
      • Semantic Test Details
      • Semantic Test Example
  • Zyacc Declarations
    • Token Type Names
    • Operator Precedence
    • Multi-Character Literal Tokens
    • The Collection of Value Types
    • Nonterminal Symbols
    • Suppressing Conflict Warnings
    • The Start-Symbol
    • Multiple Start Symbols
    • A Pure (Reentrant) Parser
    • Option Declaration
    • Specifying the Lookahead
    • Zyacc Declaration Summary
  • Multiple Parsers in the Same Program
• Parser C-Language Interface
  • The Parser Function yyparse
  • The Lexical Analyzer Function yylex
    • Calling Convention for yylex
    • Semantic Values of Tokens
    • Textual Positions of Tokens
    • Calling Conventions for Pure Parsers
  • The Error Reporting Function yyerror
  • Special Features for Use in Actions
• The Zyacc Parser Algorithm
  • Look-Ahead Tokens
  • Shift/Reduce Conflicts
  • Operator Precedence
    • When Precedence is Needed
    • Specifying Operator Precedence
    • Precedence Examples
    • How Precedence Works
  • Context-Dependent Precedence
  • Parser States
  • Reduce/Reduce Conflicts
  • Mysterious Reduce/Reduce Conflicts
  • Stack Overflow, and How to Avoid It
• Error Recovery
• Handling Context Dependencies
  • Semantic Info in Token Types
  • Lexical Tie-ins
  • Lexical Tie-ins and Error Recovery
• Debugging Your Parser
  • Building Debugging Parsers
    • Compiling Debugging Parsers
    • Linking Debugging Parsers
    • Printing Token Semantics
  • Environmental Variables
  • Debugging Parsers Using a Textual Interface
    • Starting a Single Process Textual Debugger
    • Starting a Multiple Process Textual Debugger
    • Textual Debugger Commands
  • Debugging Parsers Using a Graphical User Interface
    • Starting a GUI Debugger as a Java Application
    • Starting a GUI Debugger as a Java Applet
    • Using the Debugger GUI
  • Tradeoffs between Debugging Approaches
• Invoking Zyacc
  • Option Conventions
  • Option Sources
  • Zyacc Options
  • Data Search List
• Known Incompatibilities with Bison
• Bugs and Deficiencies
  • Suspicions
  • Bug Reports
• Zyacc Symbols
• Glossary
• Conditions
  • Conditions for Using Bison
  • GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
  • Preamble
  • TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
  • How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
• Index